Lect 2 Basic Body Structure

Learning objectives :
1-define Anatomy & physiology.
2-Describe how the body organized.
3-Define cell, tissue, organ, system.
4-name some body systems &the common organs
found in that system.
5-Define some roots related to those systems.

Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy is the study of the structure or parts of the body.
التشريح :: دراسة تركيب او اجزاء الجسم
Physiology is the study of how a body part functions ( .(وظائف
For example:
the biceps brachii muscle is located on top of the upper arm.
The function: flex the lower arm by pulling on the bones of the
forearm.

Levels of Organization
Cells: basic microscopic living structures … perform various
functions throughout the body.
Cell membrane : a barrier separating the inside \ surroundings.
Cytoplasm: ( inside the cell) ,contains small organs called
organelles. which carry on life’s functions.
Nucleus : central portion of the cell .
Chromosomes :are structures in the nucleus that carry the DNA.
DNA : contains thousands of genes, which are responsible for
transmit- ting hereditary characteristics such as the shape of the
body and color of the hair.

Cells : first level of organization
Carry on all of the functions of life such as:
• Taking in food and oxygen
• Producing heat and energy
• Eliminating wastes
• Responding to changes in the environment
• Reproducing.

Tissue: The next level of
organization
(which contains a trillions of cells)
• A histologist (hiss-TOL-oh-jist) is someone
who specializes in the study of tissues.

Major tissue types
1-Epithelial tissue: covers external surfaces, lines body
structures, and forms glands.(example/ skin)
2-Connective tissue: الأنسجة الرابطة support and shape the
body structures and keeps them in place. (Tendons ,ligaments,
blood, bone, and cartilage )
3-Muscle tissue:( العضلية ) cardiac muscle tissue, visceral
muscle tissue (stomach& intestines).skeletal muscle tissue.
All muscles, create movement of some kind.
Muscle cells are long and slender. So called fibers.
4- Nervous tissue ( :(العصبية
makes up nerves that conduct electrical impulses throughout
the body. (brain, spinal cord, and nerves )

أعضاء: Organs
-Organs: Many types of tissues , combine to make
up organs such as the: liver, heart, and kidney.
-Body system ( أجهزة الجسم ): group of related
organs make up , such as the Respiratory system,
Gastro intestinal system .
- All of the body systems combine to form the :
Human being
Cells?Tissues?Organs? Body Systems ? Human Being