examination of cardiovascular system

Principles of physical examination
overview
The cardiovascular examination should include the following:
General examination including inspection from the end of the bed, general examination of :
Hands / pulse
Arms (pulses, BP)
Face & Neck
Examination of the chest including : Inspection ,Palpation , percussion & Auscultation
Completing the exam.: Auscultation of the lung bases ,examination for sacral oedema, examination of the feet/legs , abdominal exam. & fundoscopy
peripheral vascular examination

preparation
Wash your hands
Introduce yourself to the patient if you have not already done so
check the identity of the patient
Ask the patients permission to carry out the examination
Give a brief explanation to the patient before you start. Further explanation/instructions can be given as you proceed.
Equipment: Stethoscope +/- fundoscopy
Patient position Ideally the patient should be reclined at 45 degrees, hands by the side and chest exposed (In female patients the bra ( take her agreement ) will need to be removed but Do not expose the patient s chest until you are ready to examine the precordium.